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Sharma, K. P.
- Toxic Effects of Aluminium and Fluoride on Planktonic Community of the Microcosms
Authors
1 Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004, IN
2 Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004, IN
Source
Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, Vol 12, No 3 (2013), Pagination: 523-528Abstract
Aluminium and fluoride were found toxic to phytoplankton, periphyton and zooplankton in the microcosms raised in the greenhouse. The toxicity of aluminium was relatively higher than fluoride, more particularly, during winter season. There were significant reduction in counts of phytoplankton (49-80%), periphyton (algae = 40-68%, zooplankton = 35-75%) and zooplankton (5-77%) in the treatments in comparison to controls. As a result, Reciprocal Simpson index, Equitability index and Shannon- Weiner index decreased. Such changes will affect energy flow in the microcosms.Keywords
Aluminum, Fluoride, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Microcosms.- Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Aluminium Fluoride to Flora and Fauna in a Microcosm
Authors
1 Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 055, Rajasthan, IN
2 Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 055, Rajasthan, IN
Source
Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, Vol 11, No 1 (2012), Pagination: 7-15Abstract
During acute toxicity study of aluminium fluoride, Daphnia similis L. was found to be the most sensitive organism (EC50 = 108.06 ppm) followed by Gambusia affinis Baird and Gerard (LC50 = 354.0 ppm) and Lemna aequinoctialis L. (EC50 for chlorophyll = 358.7ppm). The exposure (60 days) of producers and consumers at its sub-lethal concentration (35.4 ppm) casted toxic effects on them in artificial microcosms raised in the greenhouse. There was reduction in chlorophyll content (19-39%), dry weight (16%), acid phosphatase (ACP) (56%), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (14%) and protein content (53%) of Ceratophyllum demersum L. The reduction in species richness (40%) and phytoplankton counts (counts = 47-54%) was significant during the study period while zooplankton counts (30%) in the first half of the study (day-30). Snail mortality was found nil while that of fish was moderate (37%). Their tissue biochemistry (ACP, ALP and protein content) was, however, altered significantly suggesting them to be under stress. AlF3 also had cytotoxic effects in fish decreasing RBC counts (19%) and causing morphological abnormalities. From these findings, we conclude that there are significant toxic effects of aluminium fluoride to organisms in the food web of aquatic ecosystems.Keywords
Acute and Chronic Toxicity, Aluminum Fluoride, Microcosm, Plankton, Snail, Fish.- Assessment of Environmental Contamination Potential of Distillery Effluent Using Plant and Animal Bioassays
Authors
1 Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004, Rajasthan, IN
2 Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004, Rajasthan, IN
Source
Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, Vol 6, No 1 (2007), Pagination: 63-74Abstract
Toxic effects of spent wash and crop field soil irrigated with it (hereafter referred to as distillery soil) were examined on 6 species of plants (2 cereals and 4 aquatic macrophytes) and 3 animals (cladoceran, fish and albino mice) by short-term bioassays using end point growth responses and mortality respectively. Seedling emergence was found nil (rice) to low (wheat = 30-40%) in distillery soil, but increased (48-00%) proportionately alongwith their vigor after mixing garden soil. In contrast to distillery soil, toxic effects of even cent percent soil leachate were nil on seed germination while meager (10- 15%) on seedling vigor in both the cereals. Spent wash, however, decreased germination and seedling vigor in both rice (germination = 5-100%; vigor = 2-100%) and wheat (germination = 0-64%; vigor = nil-93%) with an increase in its concentration, though vigor was greater (43%) than control in wheat at 10%. Among aquatic macrophytes, free-floating species (Lemna aequinoctialis and Spirodela polyrrhiza) were found to bemore sensitive than the submerged (Ceratophyllum demersum and Hydrilla verticillata) for spent wash; Lemna being the most sensitive species.
During a detailed study, sensitivity of different test organisms to spent wash (in terms of their EC/LC50 values) was in the order of: Daphnia (EC50 = 0.68%) > Gambusia affinis (LC50 = 1.31%) > Lemna (EC50 = 0.8-6.97%) indicating water flea to be the most sensitive test organism. The toxicity of soil leachate was, however, very low to these test organisms (Gambusia: LC50 = 12.1%; Lemna: EC50 = 46.5-278%) as also noted for cereals. The spent wash exposure not only decreased RBC counts (58-69%) in fish but also altered their morphology (77-97%).
Both food (7-14%) and water (27-45%) intake of albino mice (male) declined in soil leachate treatments (5-20%) alongwith their body (8-17%) and reproductive organ weights (4-63%), except that of prostrate gland weight increasing between 12% and 37%. The sperm counts (78-89%) and their motility (14-23%) also decreased in leachate treatments. Higher toxicity of spent wash may be ascribed to its greater conductivity (32.7mS), COD (54,900ppm) and chlorides (62,00ppm) than the soil leachate (EC = 3.56mS; COD = 2290ppm; chlorides = 220ppm).
- Factors Affecting Degradation and Decolourisation of an Azo Dye, Methyl Red, in Fixed Film Bioreactors
Authors
1 Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004, Rajasthan, IN
2 Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004, Rajasthan, IN